Will the Continents Come Together Again
A rough approximation of Pangaea Proxima according to the early on model on the Paleomap Projection website
Pangaea Proxima (also called Pangaea Ultima, Neopangaea, and Pangaea Two) is a possible hereafter supercontinent configuration. Consistent with the supercontinent cycle, Pangaea Proxima could occur inside the next 200 million years. This potential configuration, hypothesized past Christopher Scotese in November 1982, earned its proper name from its similarity to the previous Pangaea supercontinent. Scotese later changed Pangaea Ultima (Last Pangaea) to Pangaea Proxima (Adjacent Pangaea) to alleviate confusion most the proper name Pangaea Ultima which could imply that it would be the concluding supercontinent.[one] The concept was based on examination of past cycles of formation and breakup of supercontinents, not on electric current understanding of the mechanisms of tectonic modify, which are besides imprecise to project that far into the hereafter. "It'south all pretty much fantasy to showtime with," Scotese has said. "Only it'due south a fun practice to think about what might happen. And y'all can only do information technology if you have a really articulate idea of why things happen in the outset place."[ii]
Supercontinents depict the merger of all, or nearly all, of Earth's landmass into a single contiguous continent. In the Pangaea Proxima scenario, subduction at the western Atlantic, eastward of the Americas, leads to the subduction of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge followed by subduction destroying the Atlantic and Indian basin, causing the Atlantic and Indian Oceans to shut, bringing the Americas back together with Africa and Europe. As with most supercontinents, the interior of Pangaea Proxima would probably become a semi-arid desert decumbent to farthermost temperatures.[3]
Formation [edit]
According to the Pangaea Proxima hypothesis, the Atlantic and Indian Oceans will continue to get wider until new subduction zones bring the continents back together, forming a hereafter Pangaea. Almost continents and microcontinents are predicted to collide with Eurasia, simply as they did when almost continents collided with Laurentia.[4]
Around 50 million years from now, North America is predicted to shift due west and Eurasia would shift to the east, and possibly even to the south, bringing Groovy United kingdom closer to the N Pole and Siberia s towards warm, subtropical latitudes. Africa is predicted to collide with Europe and Arabia, closing the Mediterranean Body of water (thus completely closing the Tethys Bounding main (or Neotethys)) and the Cherry Sea. A long mountain range (the Mediterranean Mount Range) would then extend from Iberia, across Southern Europe and into Asia. Some are even predicted to take peaks higher than Mount Everest. Similarly, Australia is predicted to embankment itself past the doorstep of Southeast Asia, causing the islands to exist compressed inland, forming another potential mountain range. Meanwhile, Southern and Baja California are predicted to have already collided with Alaska with new mountain ranges formed betwixt them.[5]
Almost 125 million years from now, the Atlantic Bounding main is predicted to end widening and begin to shrink considering the Mid-Atlantic Ridge will have been subducted. In this scenario, a mid-bounding main ridge betwixt South America and Africa will probably be subducted first; the Atlantic Bounding main is predicted to have narrowed as a event of subduction beneath the Americas. The Indian Ocean is also predicted to be smaller due to northward subduction of oceanic crust into the Central Indian trench. Antarctica is expected to split into ii and shift northwards, colliding with Republic of madagascar and Commonwealth of australia, enclosing a remnant of the Indian Body of water, which Scotese calls the "Medi-Pangaean Sea".[6] [seven]
When the last of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is subducted below the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean is predicted to shut speedily.[8]
At 250 million years in the future, the Atlantic is predicted to have closed, with but small vestiges of the quondam sea remaining. North America is predicted to have collided with Africa, simply exist in a more southerly position than where it rifted away during the Mesozoic. Due south America is predicted to be wrapped around the southern tip of Africa and Antarctica, completely enclosing the Medi-Pangaean Sea, which becomes a supertoxic inland sea that begins to poison the surrounding oceans, lands and atmosphere, leading to the next swell extinction event.[half dozen] The supercontinent is encircled by a global ocean, the Propanthalassic Ocean (meaning "future" Panthalassic Body of water),[half-dozen] which encircles half the Globe.[8] The Earth is expected to accept a hothouse climate with an average global temperature of 28 degrees Celsius.[six]
Models [edit]
There are two models for the formation of Pangaea Proxima - an early on model and the current model. The two models differ in where they place Australia, Antarctica and Chukotka. The early model, created in 1982 and shown on the Paleomap Project website, places Australia and Antarctica continued to each other as a separate landmass to Pangaea Proxima, close to the South Pole, and Chukotka staying with Eurasia. The current model, created in 2001 and shown on Christopher Scotese's YouTube channel,[9] has Australia attached to Communist china, East Antarctica fastened to Southward America, and West Antarctica attached to Australia, with Chukotka attached to North America (it is on the North American plate).
Other suggested supercontinents [edit]
Paleogeologist Ronald Blakey has described the next xv to 85 meg years of tectonic development as adequately settled and predictable, without supercontinent formation.[10] Beyond that, he cautions that the geologic record is full of unexpected shifts in tectonic activity that brand further projections "very, very speculative".[10] In addition to Pangaea Proxima, two other hypothetical supercontinents—"Amasia" and "Novopangaea"—were illustrated in an October 2007 New Scientist article.[xi] Some other supercontinent, Aurica, has been suggested in more recent times.
References [edit]
- ^ Willams, Caroline; Nield, Ted (2007). "Earth's side by side supercontinent". New Scientist. 196 (2626): 36–40. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)62661-X.
- ^ "Continents in collision: Pangaea Ultima". NASA Science News. October 6, 2000.
- ^ Kargel, Jeffrey S. (2004). "New Earth". Mars: a warmer, wetter planet . Springer. ISBN978-1-85233-568-vii.
- ^ Broad, William J. (January 9, 2007). "Long-Term Global Forecast? Fewer Continents". The New York Times.
- ^ "Our globe in next 50 million years". Volcano Earth. Oregon State Academy. Archived from the original on 2009-04-05.
- ^ a b c d Scotese, Christopher R. (March 1, 2018). "Atlas of Hereafter Plate Tectonic Reconstructions" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 49, 2021: 679–728. doi:10.1146/annurev-globe-081320-064052 – via Annual Reviews.
- ^ Scotese, Christopher R. "The Atlantic Body of water begins to Shut". Paleomap Project . Retrieved 2012-03-24 .
- ^ a b Scotese, Christopher R. ""Pangea Ultima" will form 250 million years in the Time to come". Paleomap Project . Retrieved 2006-03-xiii .
- ^ Scotese, Christopher (2014-09-xviii). "Futurity Plate Motions & Pangea Proxima - Scotese Blitheness". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2020-x-03 .
- ^ a b Manaugh, Geoff; Twilley, Nicola (23 September 2013). "What Did the Continents Look Like Millions of Years Ago?". The Atlantic . Retrieved 2014-07-22 .
- ^ Williams, Caroline; Nield, Ted (twenty October 2007). "Pangaea, the comeback". New Scientist. Archived from the original on xiii April 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
Further reading [edit]
- Nield, Ted, Supercontinent: X Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet, Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0674032453
External links [edit]
- Four possible time to come supercontinents
- What Will Earth Expect Similar When the Next Supercontinent Forms? - NewsWeek
jenkinsonthandeant.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima
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